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White (mutation)
''White Gene'', abbreviated ''w'', was the first sex-linked mutation ever discovered in the fruit fly ''Drosophila melanogaster''. In 1910 Thomas Hunt Morgan and Lilian Vaughan Morgan collected a single male white-eyed mutant from a population of ''Drosophila melanogaster'' fruit flies, which usually have dark brick red eyes. Upon crossing this male with wild-type female flies, they found that the offspring did not conform to the expectations of Mendelian inheritance.〔Morgan, TH: (1910) "Sex Limited Inheritance in Drosophila." ''Science'', 32(812):120-122. ()〕 The first generation (the F1) produced 1,237 red-eyed offspring and three white-eyed flies, all males. The second generation (the F2) produced 2,459 red-eyed females, 1,011 red-eyed males, and 782 white-eyed males. Further experimental crosses led them to the conclusion that this mutation was somehow physically connected to the "factor" that determined gender in ''Drosophila''. Morgan named this trait ''white gene'', now abbreviated ''w''.〔As the field of genetics developed, names for genes were italicized, and for ''Drosophila'' the normal (wild type) allele was given a + modifier, for example ''w''+. Names of commonly used mutations were shortened, and since ''white'' was one of the first named, it was shortened to a single letter.〕 Flies carrying the ''white'' allele/ white gene are frequently used to introduce high school and college students to genetics.
The protein coded by ''white'' functions as an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter. It carries the precursors of the red and brown eye color pigments, guanine and tryptophan, into the developing eyes during pupation.〔Mackenzie, S. M.; Brooker, M. R.; Gill, T. R.; Cox, G. B.; Howells, A. J.; Ewart, G. D. (1999) Mutations in the ''white'' gene of ''Drosophila melanogaster'' affecting ABC transporters that determine eye colouration. ''Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes'' 1419: 173-185.〕 The human version of ''white'' is ABCG1, and is involved in transporting lipids and cholesterol into cells.
== Notes and references ==
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